水(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人身(shen)(shen)體中(zhong)不(bu)可少的(de)(de)(de)源泉,是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)命之(zhi)本。它(ta)不(bu)僅(jin)可以維持身(shen)(shen)體的(de)(de)(de)細胞結(jie)構(gou),協助新陳代謝;還能(neng)幫助運(yun)送(song)身(shen)(shen)體所需的(de)(de)(de)營養素,并將代謝廢物(wu)排出體外;水(shui)(shui)還能(neng)幫助調節身(shen)(shen)體的(de)(de)(de)體溫;使眼睛、嘴(zui)巴及(ji)鼻(bi)道保(bao)持濕(shi)潤,此外,水(shui)(shui)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)微(wei)量礦物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)來源,因此健康的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)對(dui)人體更是(shi)(shi)(shi)重中(zhong)之(zhi)重。我(wo)國(guo)在居民飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)健康生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方面也十分(fen)關注2007年(nian)7月1日,由國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準委和衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)部(bu)聯合發布的(de)(de)(de)《生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)標(biao)準》(GB 5749-2006)強制性(xing)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準和13項生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)檢驗(yan)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準將正式實施。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)家(jia)21年(nian)來次對(dui)1985年(nian)發布的(de)(de)(de)《生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)標(biao)準》進行(xing)修(xiu)訂。
《生(sheng)活飲用水(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)標準》的(de)修訂(ding)是保(bao)證飲用水(shui)安全的(de)重要措(cuo)施(shi)。在國(guo)家(jia)標準化管(guan)理委員會(hui)協調下,由衛(wei)生(sheng)部(bu)牽頭,會(hui)同建設部(bu)、國(guo)土資(zi)源部(bu)、水(shui)利(li)部(bu)、國(guo)家(jia)環保(bao)總局,組織(zhi)衛(wei)生(sheng)、供水(shui)、環保(bao)、水(shui)利(li)、水(shui)資(zi)源等(deng)各方面家(jia)共同參與完成了該項(xiang)標準的(de)修訂(ding)工作。
在新《標準》增加增加了對凈化水質時產生二lv乙酸等鹵代有(you)機物(wu)質、存于(yu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)藻類植物(wu)微囊(nang)藻毒素(su)等的(de)(de)檢測。有(you)機化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)由5項(xiang)增至(zhi)53項(xiang),感官性狀(zhuang)和一般(ban)理(li)化(hua)(hua)指(zhi)標由15項(xiang)增加至(zhi)21項(xiang)。并且(qie),還(huan)對原標準35項(xiang)指(zhi)標中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)8項(xiang)進(jin)行(xing)了修訂(ding)。同時(shi),鑒于(yu)加氯消毒方式對水(shui)質安全的(de)(de)負面影(ying)響,新(xin)《標準》還(huan)在水(shui)處(chu)理(li)工藝上重新(xin)考慮(lv)安全加氯對供水(shui)安全的(de)(de)影(ying)響,增加了與(yu)此相關(guan)的(de)(de)檢測項(xiang)目。
新(xin)《標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于各類集(ji)中(zhong)式供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui),也(ye)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于分(fen)散式供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)具有以(yi)下三個特點:一是加強了對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)有機(ji)物、微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)消毒(du)等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)由原標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)35項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)106項(xiang)(xiang),增(zeng)(zeng)加了71項(xiang)(xiang)。其中(zhong),微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)由2項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)6項(xiang)(xiang);飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)消毒(du)劑指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)由1項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)4項(xiang)(xiang);毒(du)理(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)中(zhong)無(wu)機(ji)化合物由10項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)21項(xiang)(xiang);毒(du)理(li)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)中(zhong)有機(ji)化合物由5項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)53項(xiang)(xiang);感官性(xing)狀(zhuang)和(he)(he)一般理(li)化指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)由15項(xiang)(xiang)增(zeng)(zeng)至(zhi)(zhi)20項(xiang)(xiang);放射(she)性(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)仍為2項(xiang)(xiang)。二是統一了城鎮和(he)(he)農村飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。三是實現飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)與接軌。新(xin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)目和(he)(he)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)值的(de)(de)(de)選擇,充分(fen)考慮了我國(guo)(guo)實際情況(kuang),并參(can)考了衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)《飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)準(zhun)(zhun)則》,參(can)考了歐盟、美國(guo)(guo)、俄羅斯和(he)(he)日本等國(guo)(guo)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規定了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)求、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)求、集(ji)中(zhong)式供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)單位衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)求、二次供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)求、涉及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)安全產品衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)求、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)監測(ce)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)。
標準適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)各(ge)類集中式(shi)供水(shui)(shui)的生(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui),也適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)分散(san)式(shi)供水(shui)(shui)的生(sheng)(sheng)活飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)。那么什么才是健(jian)康飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)?
健康的引(yin)用水應該符(fu)合以下幾點:
1、干凈沒有(you)(you)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)對人體無害(hai)(hai) A、水中(zhong)沒有(you)(you)雜(za)質、細菌、病毒、重金(jin)屬、 B、有(you)(you)機化合物等對人體有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)的污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物,在我國城市管道自來水的二次污(wu)染(ran)(ran)非常嚴重,并或多或少(shao)存在著(zhu)以上所有(you)(you)的有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。
2、水的PH值必須在7.0-8.0之間呈弱堿性 飲水是為了補充人體的體液,健康人的體液PH值在7.35—7.45之間是弱堿性的,它可將細胞代謝的酸性廢物和體內酸性沉積廢物及毒素排出體外。 人體的弱堿性體液隨著代謝廢物的排出,也隨時在流失,所以補充的水出現體質酸化的現象,同時會大量消耗人體本身十分保貴的堿性營養物質鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂,導致人體免疫力、抵抗力的下降、兒童發育不良、老人骨質疏松、亞健康、體質酸化的人,體內會有大量自由基產生并侵蝕人體健康細胞,繼而導致人體經絡的堵塞。引發高血壓、糖尿病、動脈硬化、高血脂、關節炎、心臟病、肥胖癥、長斑、長痘、便秘等各種疾病。因此,飲用弱堿性水對人的健康十分重要。
3、水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)氧量要達到≥7mg/L 人體(ti)內代謝出來的(de)(de)(de)酸性(xing)(xing)廢(fei)物是隨(sui)時(shi)產生的(de)(de)(de),因而活性(xing)(xing)氧自(zi)由基(ji)也隨(sui)之(zhi)而生成,要及時(shi)清除自(zi)由基(ji),飲用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)必須具(ju)有(you)溶(rong)(rong)解活性(xing)(xing)氧自(zi)由基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng),這取決于(yu)小分子(zi)團水(shui)外圍是否有(you)高能(neng)(neng)負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)存在,因為(wei)這些負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)可以(yi)與(yu)帶正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由基(ji)結合,使之(zhi)喪失侵蝕(shi)正(zheng)常細(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力,與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)氧量充足可以(yi)使血液中的(de)(de)(de)紅血球對全身細(xi)胞(bao)供氧充分。
4、濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du) 濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du)是(shi)渾濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du)的簡稱,是(shi)衡(heng)量(liang)飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)好與差的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)指(zhi)(zhi)標,從技術意義上(shang)講,是(shi)用(yong)來反映(ying)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)懸浮(fu)物(wu)含(han)量(liang)的一(yi)個水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)替代參(can)數;從水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)的綜合性來講,濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du)的高與低又能反映(ying)其他一(yi)些(xie)物(wu)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)的多與少;從水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的微生物(wu)(主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)細(xi)菌)來講,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)附著在水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的懸浮(fu)物(wu)上(shang),水(shui)(shui)的濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du)低,則懸浮(fu)物(wu)含(han)量(liang)少,細(xi)菌就(jiu)失去了(le)附著體,也就(jiu)失去了(le)生存的條件。因(yin)此濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度(du)(du)指(zhi)(zhi)標很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao),具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的代表性和(he)典型性。
5、電(dian)(dian)導率(lv) 水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)高底(di),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般指含(han)(han)(han)(han)有電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)多少,不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)包(bao)括(kuo)鹽(yan),還包(bao)括(kuo)酸、堿(jian)等物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。我(wo)們一(yi)(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)近中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)的(de)(de),由于(yu)(yu)大氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)二(er)氧化碳溶解(jie)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后,會(hui)造成pH稍低一(yi)(yi)(yi)點。但由于(yu)(yu)許多無機(ji)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以溶解(jie)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并且(qie)有些礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)也(ye)是(shi)以水(shui)(shui)溶性(xing)鹽(yan)的(de)(de)形式溶解(jie)的(de)(de),如(ru)少量(liang)硅酸根、鈣(gai)鎂(mei)離(li)子(zi)、氯化鈉(維持人體電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)平衡作用),可(ke)(ke)以說如(ru)果出于(yu)(yu)健康(kang)考慮,應(ying)該喝含(han)(han)(han)(han)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui),也(ye)就是(shi)有有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui),當然這些電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)該對(dui)人體的(de)(de)正常生(sheng)理機(ji)能(neng)(neng)產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)良影響。純水(shui)(shui)里面沒有或幾乎沒有能(neng)(neng)移動的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)荷,因此不(bu)(bu)導電(dian)(dian)。但以離(li)子(zi)狀態存在于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以導電(dian)(dian),導電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力越強,電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)越高,水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)越高。因此通過監測電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)可(ke)(ke)檢測出水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)總含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang),從而判斷水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)是(shi)否符(fu)合要求(qiu)。
6、余氯 氯是目使用*為廣泛的消毒劑,用含氯的消duyao劑對自來水進行消毒殺菌,價廉、效果好、操作方便,深受歡迎,全通用。但是氯對細菌細胞殺滅效果好,同樣,對其他生物體細胞、人體細胞也有嚴重影響。添加氯,作為一種有效的殺菌消毒手段,目仍被上超過80%的水廠使用著。所以,市政自來水中必須保持一定量的余氯,以確保飲用水的微生物指標安全。但是,當氯和有機酸反應,就會產生許多致癌的副產物,比如sanlvjiawan等。 超過一定量的氯,就會對人體產生許多危害,且帶有難聞的氣味,俗稱“漂白粉味"。家研究發現,用自來水洗澡十分鐘,浴室內氯氣總量中有四成是經由呼吸道吸入,三成是由皮膚吸收。可見在密閉的空氣中,經由呼吸或皮膚吸入的氯含量相當驚人。這些被皮膚所吸收的氯氣,輕者會傷害皮膚,使膚質粗糙甚至產生瘙癢。重則日積月累會造成人的生理機能的衰退,癌癥發病率的增加。因此也要控制自來水中余氯的含量。
這幾項理化(hua)指標(biao)是(shi)目(mu)(mu)是(shi)*容易也是(shi)*能(neng)代(dai)表飲用(yong)水水質(zhi)品質(zhi)的(de)重要指標(biao)的(de),也是(shi)目(mu)(mu)市場上用(yong)戶廣泛接受(shou)的(de)跡象指標(biao),通常我們稱為水質(zhi)常規五(wu)參數:PH 、電導(dao)率、 溶解氧、 濁度 、溫度, 又或(huo)者水質(zhi)常規6參數:PH、 電導(dao)率、 溶解氧、余氯、濁度、 溫度。
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